Search results for "Track and field"
showing 10 items of 29 documents
STRENGTH AND POWER PROFILES OF THE LOWER AND UPPER EXTREMITIES IN MASTER THROWERS AT DIFFERENT AGES
2007
Ojanen, T., T. Rauhala, and K. Hakkinen. Strength and power profiles of the lower and upper extremities in master throwers at different ages. J. Strength Cond. Res. 21(1):216-222. 2007.-Thirty-two master athletes (shot put, discus, and hammer throw) were divided into 4 groups according to their age (T40 [40 years of age], 50 [50 years of age], 60 [60 years of age], and 75 [75 years of age]). Twenty-eight age-matched men served as controls (C40 [40 years of age], 50 [50 years of age], 60 [60 years of age], and 75 [75 years of age]). The subjects were tested for maximal isometric strength of the lower and upper extremities. Power was measured by performing jump squats and bench press in the S…
Electromechanical behaviour of human muscles in vertical jumps
1982
The relationships of muscle structure to the potentiation of myoelectrical activity and to the use of prestretching in five lower limb muscles were studied in different vertical jumping conditions. The subjects for the study were six male students, divided according to the muscle fiber distribution in m. vastus lateralis into “fast” and “slow” groups. The subjects performed vertical jumps (1) from a static squatting position (SJ), (2) with a preliminary counter movement (CMJ) and (3) after dropping (DJ) from five different heights. Myoelectrical (EMG) activity was recorded from mm. gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris and gastrocnemius in each jumping condition…
Effects of Training on the Exercise-Induced Changes in Serum Amino Acids and Hormones
2002
The purpose of this study was to examine power-type athletes to determine changes in amino acid and hormone concentrations in circulating blood following 2 different high-intensity exercise sessions before and after the 5-week training period. Eleven competitive male sprinters and jumpers performed 2 different running exercise sessions: a short run session (SRS) of 3 x 4 x 60 m (intensity of 91-95%) with recoveries of 120 and 360 seconds, and a long run session (LRS) with 20-second intervals (intensity of 56-100%) with recoveries of 100 seconds to exhaustion. The concentrations of serum amino acids, hormones, and lactate were determined from the blood samples drawn after an overnight fast a…
Glucose polymer syrup attenuates prolonged endurance exercise-induced vasopressin release
1989
We investigated the effect of glucose and glucose polymer ingestion on plasma arginine vasopressin (pAVP) levels, on plasma osmolality (p-osm), and on performance during two prolonged endurance events. The study subjects were 37 Finnish elite endurance athletes, of whom 18 were orienteers and 19 cross-country skiers. Plasma AVP increased in both combined glucose and glucose polymer groups, but the increase in the glucose polymer group was significantly smaller (P less than 0.001) than that in the glucose group. A significant change in p-osm caused a significant change in pAVP and vice versa. Both the orienteers and the skiers on glucose polymer tended to have more success in the competition…
Effects of power training on muscle structure and neuromuscular performance
2005
The present study examines changes in muscle structure and neuromuscular performance induced by 15 weeks of power training with explosive muscle actions. Twenty-three subjects, including 10 controls, volunteered for the study. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after the training period, while maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) and drop jump tests were performed once every fifth week. No statistically significant improvements in MVC of the knee extensor (KE) and plantarflexor muscles were observed during the training period. However, the maximal rate of force development (RFD) of KE increased from 18,836+/-4282 to 25,443+/-8897 N (P0.05) durin…
Body Composition and Power Performance Improved After Weight Reduction in Male Athletes Without Hampering Hormonal Balance
2014
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 4-week weight reduction period with high protein and reduced carbohydrate intake on body composition, explosive power, speed, serum hormones, and acid-base balance in male track and field jumpers and sprinters. Eight participants were assigned to a high weight reduction group (HWR; energy restriction 750 kcal·d) and 7 to a low weight reduction group (LWR; energy restriction 300 kcal·d). Energy and carbohydrate intake decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) only in HWR by 740 ± 330 kcal·d and 130 ± 29 g·d, respectively. Furthermore, total body mass and fat mass decreased (p ≤ 0.05) only in HWR by 2.2 ± 1.0 kg and 1.7 ± 1.6 kg, respectively…
Effects of Rapid Weight Reduction on Force Production and Vertical Jumping Height
1987
The effects of three weight reduction methods on maximal strength, rate of force development, vertical jumping height, and mechanical power were studied in track and field athletes and volleyball players. The three methods were sauna, diet with diuretic, and diuretic alone. The reductions in weight achieved were 3.4%, 5.8%, and 3.8% of body weight after sauna, diet + diuretic, and diuretic, respectively (P less than 0.001). Maximal isometric leg strength and the rate of isometric force development were decreased after the sauna and diet + diuretic treatments. Dehydration caused by the diuretic method alone did not impair neuromuscular performances. As had been expected from theoretical calc…
Mineral mass, size, and estimated mechanical strength of triple jumpers’ lower limb
2001
This study was designed to examine the anticipated strong influence of extreme impact loading on the mineral mass, size, and gross structural properties of triple jumpers' lower limb bones. We compared the bone data obtained with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) from 8 Finnish triple jumpers with corresponding data from gender-, age-, height-, and weight-matched nonathletic peers. The volumetric (trabecular) density was significantly higher in the jumpers than in controls (from an average 18% difference at the distal tibia to a 41% difference at the proximal tibia), whereas the cortical density did not differ between groups. The D…
Schoolyard affordances for physical activity: a pilot study in 6 Nordic–Baltic countries
2021
Environmental settings influence children’s and adolescents’ physical activity (PA) in neighborhoods and schoolyards. This study aimed to explore the main characteristics of schoolyards in six Nordic–Baltic countries, to document how those facilities provide affordances for PA in 7–18 year–old schoolchildren, and how the schoolyard meets children’s preferences. One schoolyard was studied in each included country: Iceland, Norway, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The affordances, facilities, and equipment for PA in schoolyards were identified through orthophoto maps and standard registration forms. Children’s preferences were collected through group interviews at each participating s…
The surprising influence of family history to type 2 diabetes on anaerobic performance of young male élite athletes
2014
Aims/Hypothesis It is known that family history to type 2 diabetes induces anthropometric changes in various populations. Regular physical activity can induce adaptations in these subjects regularizing body composition and anthropometric parameters. The aim of this study is therefore to understand if family history to type 2 diabetes affects anaerobic performance in young male élite athletes. Methods Forty six young male élite athletes were tested. Thirty three without family history to type 2 diabetes (FH-) and thirteen with family history to type 2 diabetes (FH+). Anthropometric parameters, body composition, physiological parameters and athletic performance were assessed. Results Weight (…